What is Backflow?

Water distribution systems are designed with the intention of the water flowing in a certain direction-- from the distribution system to the consumer. However, hydraulic conditions within the system may deviate from the "normal" conditions, causing water to flow in the opposite direction. Therefore, it is possible (and common) for the water to flow in the opposite direction in unprotected systems. This is called backflow.

What is a Cross-Connection?

A cross-connection is an unprotected actual or potential connection between a potable water system used to supply water for drinking purposes and any source or system containing unapproved water or a substance that is not or cannot be approved as safe, wholesome, and potable. By-pass arrangements, jumper connections, removable sections, swivel or changeover devices, or other devices through which backflow could occur, shall be considered to be cross-connections.

What is Back Siphonage?

Back-siphonage is caused by mainline piping failures or drafting due to high demands. For example, it is a condition that can occur when the drinking water system pressure drops below that of the fire protection system, drawing the fire protection system water back into the drinking water system.